Economic programs were front and center in the campaign.

Workers in restless blue-collar bastions may yet prove a liability for Mr. Macron. Despite a robust recovery in France after Covid lockdowns — the economy is now growing at around 7 percent, and unemployment has fallen to a 10-year low of 7.4 percent — many feel inequality has widened, rather than narrowed, as he pledged, in the five years since Mr. Macron took office.